Diabetes mellitus, caused by the malfunction of insulin - dependent glucose and lipid metabolism, presents with the classic triad of symptoms: Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Periodontal diseases are infections affecting the periodontium and resulting in the loss of tooth support. There exists a bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease as well as its complications. This article reviews the pathophysiology, the possible mechanisms that increase the severity of periodontal disease in diabetes and the periodontal management of diabetic patients.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Amavatavidhvansa rasa (AVVR) using Wister albino rats. Materials and Methods: Roots of P. zeylanica L. were collected from local area of Belgaum, Karnataka. A. ferox L. was collected from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Mercury and sulfur (Merck Lab, Mumbai) carrageenan (Sigma, USA) were of pharmaceutical grade. Amavatavidhvansa rasa formulation was prepared as per classical formula mentioned in Bhaishyaja Kalpana.Carrageenan was used to induce inflammation in rat. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of AVVR against carrageenan-induced paw edema shows that all the three doses have significant effect and markedly reduced the swelling of paw. Conclusion: AVVR exerts a significant protective effect against carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Background and Purpose: Respiratory problems like RDS, pneumonia and acute respiratory failure in premature neonates are one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Decreased oxygenation and excess accumulation of secretion is common leading to increase in airway resistance, and complications like atelectasis requiring prolonged ventilatory assistance or oxygen support. Apart from convention chest physiotherapy techniques like percussion and vibration newer techniques like LST and vojta have been used to clear secretions, restore homogenous inflation of the lungs and improve oxygenation. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of CPT, LST and reflex rolling on oxygenation in preterm neonates with respiratory problems, in terms of blood gases and oxygen saturation. Materials and Methods: This ra ndomized controlled trial included 60 neonates with RDS and pneumonia with gestational age of 30 to 37 weeks under O ₂ therapy. The participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group A received CPT, group B received LST with CPT and group C received Reflex rolling with CPT for 20 minutes duration per session at 0, 4 ^th and 8 ^th hour, three sessions per day, for a period of 2 weeks. Pre and post intervention values of pulse oximetry and Arterial Blood Gas was recorded to analyze oxygenation. Chest X-rays were taken on day 1 and last day. Results: The results showed within group improvements in SPO ₂ , PaO ₂ which was statistically significant (P < 0.001) on day 1, and post intervention on last day for all the groups whereas between groups comparison showed no significant difference with P value 0.480 and 0.258 respectively. Chest radiographs demonstrated re-expansion of collapsed airways. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the three treatment techniques viz. CPT, LST Technique and Reflex Rolling are safe and effective for improving Oxygenation in preterm neonates with respiratory problems and can be used in clinical settings.

Background: Peripheral intracath line is the typical hospital I.V line put in the hand or forearm when patients are admitted to the hospital intravenous catheters represent the most common parenteral for medication administration. Maintenance of the patency of these peripheral intracath lines is important for minimizing patients discomfort and the expense associated with replacement. Keeping this in view a quasi experimental study was undertaken on effectiveness of Heparin flush and Normal Saline flush for the maintenance of patency peripheral intracath line among the patients admitted to medical surgical wards of selected hospital. Materials and Methods: An experimental research approach with quasi experimental design with multiple measures was used for the study. Results: The study was carried out in medical and surgical wards of A J Hospital and Research Centre, Mangalore. The sample comprised of patients between the age group of 20-60 years. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. The Study findings revealed that in Group I (Experimental group) the mean patency scores of 72 hours (Post test 6) were 1.50 ± 0.51, 1.50, whereas mean scores of before intervention (pre test) was 1 ± 0, 1 respectively. In Group II (Control group) the mean patency scores of 72 hours (Post test 4) were 1.90 ± 0.55, 2, whereas mean patency scores of before intervention (pre test) was 1 ± 0, 1 respectively. It was found that there was no significant difference in patency sores of peripheral intracath line in Group I (F (5, 114) = 1.46, P < 0.05) and Group II (F (5, 114) = 2.10, P < 0.05) at different timings. This suggests that patency scores were same at different timings in both groups for 72 hours. There was no significant difference in patency scores of back flow, flow rate, resistance, infiltration, extravasation, and phlebitis between the Group I and Group II (t38 = 2.02, P < 0.05) at different timings. Thus it was inferred that patency of peripheral intracath line was maintained in the both Group I (Experimental group) and Group II (Control group) for 72 hours. Both heparin flush and normal saline flush were effective in the maintenance of patency of peripheral intracath line.

Introduction: In maxillofacial injuries, a choice has often to be made between different ways of intubation when surgical access to fractured nasal bone and simultaneous establishment of occlusion are required. We report our experience with submental intubation in the airway management of complex maxillofacial trauma patients and complication associated with it. The aim is to evaluate the outcome of airway management in patients with complex maxillofacial trauma by submental intubation. Materials and Methods: Fifteen cases reporting to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of a tertiary care hospital, with multiple facial trauma from September 2011 to September 2013 were selected for study. Median submental intubation was performed. Follow-up during hospitalization for wound associated complication and 3 months postoperatively was done. Results: At the end of the procedure, all 15 patients were extubated without any complications. Postoperatively, only one patient presented with superficial infection of the submental wound. Conclusion: Submental endotracheal intubation is a simple technique with very low morbidity and can be used as an alternative to tracheostomy in selected cases of maxillofacial trauma.

Introduction and Background: Hypertension is common among elderly and the risk of becoming hypertensive is increased considerably with age. It has a direct impact on the cognitive function. Hence it is important to examine whether the cognition related problems correlates with hypertension and is cognitive rehabilitation an effective intervention for the same. Objective: To assess and evaluate the cognitive function in early onset hypertensive geriatrics population for mild cognitive Impairment and to study the effect of cognitive rehabilitation for mild cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods: 84 Participants above 60 years of age with early onset hypertension were screened. The total 63 participants were recruited in the study as a sample of convenience as per the inclusion criteria. The outcome measures used were Montreal cognitive examined, Addenbrooke's cognitive examination, Mini mental state examination. Cognitive rehabilitation was given for 4 weeks (3 sessions per week). Results: Paired t-test and ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Demographic data in relation to the outcome measures were also analyzed. The pre post analysis of all the three outcome measures, showed statistical significance results. Conclusion: Early onset hypertensive showed mild cognitive impairment and cognitive rehabilitation was found to be effective for improving the cognitive functions among elderly.

Objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of structured counseling program on quality of life (QoL) and to find out the association between pre test level of QoL and selected demographic variables. A study was conducted on 80 HIV infected postnatal mothers by using the True experimental Solomon four group research design and data were analyzed in terms of descriptive and inferential statistics. In conclusion, it was inferred that the structured counseling program was effective on quality of life among HIV infected postnatal mothers and selected variables did not have significant association with QoL

A comparative study of assessing the knowledge of mothers of infants regarding weaning in selected rural and urban areas in Belgaum. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge of rural mothers of infants regarding weaning, to assess the knowledge of urban mothers of infants regarding weaning and to compare the knowledge of rural and urban mothers of infants regarding weaning with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. Data was collected by using structured interview schedule. The data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics like mean, standard deviation, mean percentage, median, 't' test and chi-square. Results: The knowledge of mothers of infants in rural area regarding weaning was found to be average and in urban area it was found to be satisfactory. The mean knowledge score was 29.93 with S.D. 3.11 in rural area and 35.97 with S.D. 4.80 in urban area.

Human oral cavity in health is normally colonized by different microbiological flora predominantly with Candida species. Wearing a removable denture and an immunologically deranged health is known to increase oral candidal colonization. The purpose of this study was to assess candidal colonization and species diversity in the oral cavity of diabetic and nondiabetic denture wearers and correlation with the presence of Candida on finger tips of the patients. 120 subjects in the age group of 40-70 years were included in the study. Three groups were formed, Group I: Diabetic, denture wearer, Group II: Nondiabetic denture wearer, Group III: Nondiabetic, nondenture wearer subjects. The oral samples from all the subjects were collected with oral rinse technique and were then inoculated on to the CHROMagar. For fingertip sampling, subjects placed their hands on sabouraud dextrose plate for 1 min and candidal growth was assessed and species were isolated using auxanometric plate method of sugar assimilation test. The mean number of colony forming unit (CFU) of Candida in Group I, Group II and Group III was 892.50, 590.00 and 152.50, respectively. Most commonly isolated species in diabetic denture wearer group were Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr, Candida gulliermondi and Candida parapsilosis. The mean number of colonies for fingertip contamination was more for diabetic denture wearers (1.50) as compared to nondiabetic denture wearers (1.00). In conclusion, candidal carriage (based on the CFU) was more in diabetic denture wearer patients than the nondiabetic denture wearers. C. krusei and C. kefyr were the two species of Candida found only in diabetic subjects. Furthermore, there was a correlation in the fingertip contamination and oral candidal colonization.

An evaluative study was conducted on effectiveness of street play on alcoholism among 50 adolescents of Shivapur Village who were selected using simple random sampling technique.. A pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was used. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection and the data were tabulated and analyzed according to the objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. Posttest scores compared with pretest scores showed an observable increase in the knowledge of young\ adults as majority 42 (84%) of them had high knowledge and remaining 8 (16%) had average knowledge and no single young adult remained in low knowledge category. There was no association between the knowledge of young adults on alcoholism with the selected demographic variables.

Fetal ascites is commonly seen with hydrops fetalis. Historically, fetal ascites has been associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Primary isolated fetal ascites occurs independently as an isolated disease due to numerous congenital abnormalities. Extensive antenatal and postnatal evaluation for the detection of the cause is done in these cases, if found and appropriately treated have shown good results. In conclusion, even a rare case of fetal ascites can be managed successfully.

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital abnormalities of sexual differentiation resulting from disparity in the chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex. Most of these children present with ambiguous genitalia, but can also present with hernias or undescended testis as in persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS). The social stigma attached with this disorder makes it imperative for expeditious evaluation and appropriate assignment of sex in our scenario. We report here successful management of such a case and review the literature. In conclusion, a rare case of DSD like PMDS requires a high index of suspicion and can be managed successfully.

Cryptococcus neoformans is yeast and it commonly affects immuno-compromised patients, including AIDS. Most infections with C. neoformans consist of a lung lesions. However, meningitis or meningoencephalitis and localized infections can occur as part of systemic infection. Case: A 32-year-old patient, presented with a swelling over the right shoulder with pain and restriction of movements. The pain has increased in the past 10 days. Patient has a history of hypertension. He developed end stage renal disease and was put on dialysis. He was advised to undergo renal transplant. Renal transplant was done a year back. O/E patient was moderately built, but poorly nourished and pallor was present. On local examination, swelling was seen over the anterior aspect of right shoulder and right acromio-clavicular region with diffuse margins and tenderness. On fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), the smears revealed yeasts of Cryptococci, which were confirmed with special stains and culture. With the diagnosis of cryptococcal cyst, patient underwent surgical excision and was put on anti-fungal therapy and is relieved of his symptoms. The present case is a rare presentation of Cryptococci in an immune-compromised patient of renal transplant occurring in an unusual site. In conclusion, a rare case of cryptococcal cyst of acromio-clavicular joint could be diagnosed by FNAC.