|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 8
| Issue : 1 | Page : 41-47 |
|
Knowledge of pregnant women about congenital anomalies: A cross-sectional study in north of Iran
Pourmohsen Masoumeh1, Khoshravesh Vahid2, Alavi Majd Hamid3, Khaleghinezhad Khosheh4, Khayat Samira5
1 Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
3 Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Neyshabur, Iran
5 Department of Midwifery, Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| Date of Web Publication | 5-Jun-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Pourmohsen Masoumeh
Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2349-5006.158230
Background: Proper knowledge about risk factors and prevention of congenital malformations in pregnant women can lead to primary prevention of disease. The aim of this study was to explore pregnant women's knowledge about congenital anomalies, risk factors, and prevention in relation to their sociodemographic profile.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of the expecting mother's population was conducted over 3 months. Data collection was done through a questionnaire completed in face to face interviews using simple nonrandom sampling method in 150 pregnant women who visited the prenatal clinics in Rasht. The questionnaire contained 6 questions about specific knowledge and 12 questions for risk factors and prevention of congenital anomalies. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, as well as multivariate regression analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software.
Results: The overall knowledge of pregnant women about congenital anomalies showed a significant relationship with age (P = 0.001) and the level of education (P = 0.000). However, there was not a significant relationship between overall knowledge and parity (P = 0.183) and the number of antenatal visits (P = 0.097). The participant who had High School and University education had the highest score in overall knowledge about the disorder. The age group 41-50 years had the lowest overall knowledge about the disorder.
Conclusions: There is a need for public programs to increase awareness about congenital anomalies in pregnant women and people. Use of genetic counseling for families at risk for congenital anomalies is proposed. Keywords: Congenital anomalies, pregnant women, knowledge, multivariate regression analysis
How to cite this article:
Masoumeh P, Vahid K, Hamid AM, Khosheh K, Samira K. Knowledge of pregnant women about congenital anomalies: A cross-sectional study in north of Iran. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2015;8:41-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Masoumeh P, Vahid K, Hamid AM, Khosheh K, Samira K. Knowledge of pregnant women about congenital anomalies: A cross-sectional study in north of Iran. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Mar 21];8:41-7. Available from: https://www.ijournalhs.org/text.asp?2015/8/1/41/158230 |
| Introduction | |  |
Congenital anomalies are also known as birth defects, congenital disorders or congenital malformations may result in long-term disability, which may have significant impacts on individuals, families, health-care systems of congenital anomalies varies between different countries ranging from 2% to 10% of births. [1],[2],[3] The causes of around 40-50% of birth defects are unknown. [4] A combination of hereditary and environmental factors, genetics, maternal illnesses are attributed to congenital anomalies. [5],[6] One way of achieving the fourth goal of the Millennium Development Goals goal is the reduction of congenital anomalies. Proper knowledge about disorders can lead to early diagnosis, prompt advice is effective to at least secondary prevention of disorders, and is very affordable.
Purpose of the study
Until now extensive studies on the knowledge of congenital anomalies among pregnant women have not been conducted in Iran. The present study was conducted under the following aims and objectives.
Aim
The aim of this study was to explore pregnant women's knowledge about congenital anomalies, risk factors and prevention in relation to their sociodemographic profile.
Objectives
- To assess the overall knowledge of congenital anomalies in pregnant women
- To assess the specific knowledge of congenital anomalies in pregnant women
- To assess the risk factor and prevention knowledge of congenital anomalies in pregnant women
- To determine congenital anomalies relationship with sociodemographic characteristics.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Study design and sample
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study with 150 pregnant women was conducted over 3 months in North of Iran.
Ethical clearance
The research was approved by the Research Committee of Institution.
Consent
Consent was obtained verbally after explaining the purpose of the study assuring confidentiality and the anonymity of the participating women.
Instrument
The instrument was designed by adding six questions in risk factor and prevention to the questionnaire of Bello et al. [7] Content validity was established by five experts who were health educators and faculty members of the University. Through a pilot study, Chronbach's alpha (α = 0.83) was calculated for the questionnaire to determine the internal reliability. The questionnaire consisted of three different groups of questions:
- The first part was comprised of variables of sociodemographic status such as age, level of education, number of pregnancies, number of antenatal sessions attended
- The second part included six questions about the participants' specific knowledge of congenital malformation
- The third part included 12 questions about the participants' knowledge of the risk factors and prevention of congenital malformation. Finally, an open-ended question was designed about the participants' perceptions of the causes of congenital malformations. Total of 18 questions were closed-ended requiring such answers as "yes," "no," "i don't know." Maximum total score was 18 (6 points for specific knowledge plus 12 points for knowledge of the risk factors and prevention). Correct answers scored one point and a zero score was given for each wrong answer. Scores in the knowledge domain were categorized into three levels: Low (0-6), moderate (7-12), and high (13-18) levels. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, as well as multivariate regression analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software (Gerdoo SPSS Collection). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
Data collection
Data were collected through face to face interviews and questionnaires were completed during clinical hours by the interviewer.
| Results | | |
A total of 150 questionnaires were obtained from pregnant women. [Table 1] reveals that the majority 101 (67.3%) of the subjects were between 21 and 30 years old. Only 4 (2.7%) of the participants were from 41 to 50 years old. The level of education of approximately 67 (44.7%) was high school, while 8 (5.3%) had only primary education.
Their number of pregnancies ranged from 1 to 5 with 62 (41.3%) being pregnant for the 1 st time. Maximum number of antenatal visits 64 (42.7%) were 10-19. Participants' specific knowledge about congenital anomalies is shown in [Table 2]. | Table 2: Specific knowledge of participant on congenital anomalies (n=150)
Click here to view |
Approximately 78 (52%) of the participants indicated that congenital anomalies are not a disease acquired by pregnant women while 122 (81.3%) believed that congenital anomalies could be managed medically. In addition, 113 (75.3%) were aware that congenital anomalies are preventable.
Participants' knowledge of risk factors and prevention of congenital anomalies are presented in [Table 3]. Almost all participants 148 (98.7%) believed that alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a risk factor for congenital anomalies. Furthermore, the majority of participants 143 (95.3%) believed that smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor in congenital anomalies. | Table 3: Knowledge of participant about risk factor and prevention of congenital anomalies (n=150)
Click here to view |
Only 35 (23.3%) participants identified maternal obesity as a risk factor of congenital anomalies while 140 (93.3%) were aware that X-ray during pregnancy is a risk factor.
Most of the participants 123 (82%) reported consanguinity as a risk factor for congenital anomalies. 142 (94.6%) identified advanced maternal age (≥40 years) as a risk factor, 58 (38.7%) participants were unaware of the effects of the maternal infection. Some participants 57 (38%) were unaware of the impact of iodized salt on congenital anomalies.
Majority of participants 140 (93.3%) believed that regular care during pregnancy lowers disorders. 115 (76.6%) participants were identified as believing that preconception counseling can be effective in reducing the congenital anomalies. Descriptive scores of participants on their level of knowledge of congenital anomalies are presented in [Table 4]. | Table 4: Descriptive scores of participants on their level of knowledge about congenital anomalies (n=150)
Click here to view |
Half of the participants, 75 (50%) had low scores on specific knowledge. Many 80 (53.3%) of the participants had high scores on their knowledge of risk factors and prevention of congenital anomalies. Finally, 71 (47.3%) participants had moderate scores on the overall knowledge of congenital anomalies. Approximately 34 (23.66%) of the participants believed that "immoral lifestyle" is the cause of congenital anomalies.
Relationship between categorical knowledge of participants about congenital anomalies and their sociodemographics characteristics are shown in [Table 5]. | Table 5: Linear regression for total score, risk factor score, and specific score of knowledge about congenital anomalies in relation of age group, level of education, number of pregnancy, and number of antenatal visit
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Child's development is affected by psychosocial and biological factors and by genetic inheritance. [8] The second most common cause of death among children and infants in Iran is congenital anomalies resulting in 18% deaths. The prevalence of disability in our country of Iran is 3-5%, with 0.6% of which from chromosomal abnormalities. [9] The prevalence of congenital anomalies were detected in 187/10,000 births in the city of Urmia, North-Western Iran. [10] A strong public awareness, especially among reproductive age women, toward congenital anomalies is imperative to the primary prevention of the disease. To our best knowledge, this is the first study of "public awareness" of congenital anomalies among pregnant women. Although socioeconomic factors may be an indirect determinant, congenital anomalies are more frequent among resource-constrained families and in economically disadvantaged countries. [11]
Most of the participants this study 101 (67.3%) were in the most childbearing age range of 21-30 years. Although 39% of Iranian women attend prenatal care clinics over 4 times. [12] during their pregnancy months, the current study results showed that 42.7% cases of prenatal visits is between 10 and 19 times. This implies that pregnant women of this particular region in Iran pay more attention to prenatal care. Regular and frequent visits of pregnant women during pregnancy play an important role in increasing awareness of congenital anomalies.
The result of our study showed that there were significant relationships between overall knowledge of participants with their ages (P = 0.001) and educational level (P = 0.000). However, there were no significant relationships between the overall knowledge with the number of pregnancies (P = 0.183) and number of antenatal visits (P = 0.97). The study, which was done by Bello et al., they did not find a significant relationship between overall knowledge of the participants about congenital anomalies, with age and educational level. Their finding was inconsistent with the findings in our study. Furthermore, they did not find a significant relationship between parity and number of visits with general and specific knowledge of participants. These finding consistent our results. [7] The participant who had High school and University education had the highest score in overall knowledge about the disorder. Furthermore, the age group 41-50 years had the lowest overall knowledge about the disorder. The participants aged 21-30 years, had the most knowledge of risk factors.
Majority 122 (81.3%) of the participants believed that congenital anomalies can be treated medically. Other studies have reported similar findings. [12],[13],[14] 56.7% of the participants were uninformed about the treatment of deformities by surgery. March of dimes foundations has reported that interventions include appropriate treatment, particularly surgery could be lifesaving or would reduce the severity of disability. [14]
Surgery is an important but largely unheralded component of the services required to treat children with congenital anomalies. [15],[16] Congenital anomalies can occur in any family, regardless of age, gender, social level, race, health, history, economic status or education. [17] Multivariate linear regression results of our study showed that age predicts overall knowledge and risk factors score. However, secondary and college education are more predicator of general and specific knowledge and risk factors. A clear relationship was found between knowledge and the years of education as described in the previous study. [18],[19]
Based on available resources, some causes or risk factors have been associated with congenital anomalies. It may have been increased exposure to any agent or factor that induces or increases the incidence of abnormal prenatal development, particularly infection and alcohol, advanced maternal age, consanguinity and diabetes, uncertain medications, smoking, maternal obesity, and iodine deficiency. [11],[14],[20],[21],[22] Lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking are also considered as teratogenic. [23]
Almost all of the participants identified alcohol, smoking and advanced maternal age as risk factors for abnormalities. Several studies found a positive association between maternal smoking and congenital anomalies that are consistent with our study. [15],[20],[24] In 2010, the percentage of women smokers in Iran has been estimated at 1.3%. [25] The numbers of expecting mothers who smoke during pregnancy is not available, but they are estimated to be even a smaller number of the general population of women in Iran. With regard to our cultural issues, smoking is inappropriate for women. Although the modernity development of women working outside the home is making some of the cultural issues obsolete among a number of working women, smoking among women still remains very low. Percentages of women who drink alcohol are almost zero. [26] In our religion, Islam, it is forbidden to drink alcohol because of the negative consequences on society. Perhaps this is one of the main reasons why women are familiar with the dangers of alcohol, and therefore they do not consume it. The relationship between alcohol consumption and congenital anomalies has been reported in the scientific literature and articles. [20],[23],[26] In our study, most participants were aware of the negative impact of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption at a level that will cause congenital anomalies in Iran is almost zero. Thus, infants with fetal alcohol syndrome are nonexistent. Many studies have found a positive association between maternal age and congenital anomalies. Specifically related to maternal age with Down syndrome demonstrated. [18],[19],[27] Furthermore, age ≥35 years, high-risk pregnancy, and maternal infection during pregnancy have been reported as the risk factors associated with cerebral palsy in infants. [28]
Currently, there are diagnostic methods with regard to maternal age and risk of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. When this probability is high, amniocentesis, and chorionic villous sampling is recommended and the use of service providers have been instructed to all centers. [8] With the advancement of society toward industrialization and the resulting increase in childbearing age, the need to reduce abnormalities associated with maternal age becomes more necessary. Some medications such as valproic acid and isotretinoin have shown teratogenic effects. [29]
Many of the participants (88%) were aware of the harmful effects of the use of unconventional drugs during pregnancy. Consumption of un-prescribed medications in the last few years has been repeatedly reminded to health centers and perhaps this is because of our sample's awareness.
Majority (82%) were believed that consanguinity is a risk factor in congenital anomalies, while some (12%) believe that they were not. The results are in agreement with results from previous studies. They showed that an offspring with parental consanguinity had an increased risk for major birth defects. [11],[21],[30],[31] This is in contrast with the results from the studies by Zhang et al. and Karbasi et al. They did not find an association between consanguinity and congenital anomalies. [32],[33] In accordance with the article of "Akrami," consanguineous marriage is common in our culture, accounting for more than 35% of marriages in Iran. Despite our Prophet's advice to avoid marrying close relatives, consanguineous marriage remains common resulting in child disability. [34] Therefore, the genetic counseling before pregnancy can play an important role in prevention.
History of congenital abnormalities shows increased risk. There is limited knowledge of genetics and its terminology among the general population. Some 18.7% of participants did not know the family history of congenital abnormalities as risk factors of congenital anomalies and about the same number remain unaware. Another study also indicated that familial inheritance and ethnicity were related to congenital anomalies. [30],[32] Many of the participants, 140 (93.3%) indicated exposure to X-ray during pregnancy as a possible risk factor of congenital anomalies. It is important that women to be aware of risks associated with environmental hazards such as radiation. [11],[27] Only 23.3% of the participants identified maternal obesity as a risk factor for congenital malformations and many, 45.4%, indicated they did not know anything about it. The prevalence of obesity in women of our country is 24.5%, which is a relatively high figure. [11] Our participants had little knowledge about the relationship between obesity and pregnancy. With before pregnancy obesity, maternal, and neonatal morbidity increases. [13] It is essential prior to pregnancy that women become educated in this matter.
In this study, 55.3% indicated maternal infection as a risk factor and 38.7% of participants were unaware of this issue. Maternal infections are a proven risk factor. Certain infections, such as rubella, cytomegalovirus have shown to be high teratogenic. [14],[20],[35] Education and infection control in all women of childbearing age is the best way to prevent congenital anomalies.
Only 43.3% of participants (<½) reported consumption of iodized salt during pregnancy reduces the incidence of malformations, and 38% were uninformed about it. Consumption of iodized salt prevents iodine deficiency in pregnant women. It can reduce the risk of infant mental retardation. Several sources identified that iodized salt reduces the incidence of congenital anomalies. [11],[14] A significant fact, a very high number of the pregnant women, 93.3%, believed that regular checkups throughout the pregnancy period are effective in reducing the incidence of malformations. The results are in agreement with the results from the study of Bello et al. [7] Most women who are at low risk for pregnancy complications will see their health care provider every month during pregnancy. Women with special health problems or a high-risk pregnancy may have many more visits to the healthcare provider. Regular checkups during pregnancy are very important factors in speedy diagnosis and treatment of complications.
About 76.6% of participants of our sample knew the role of preconception counseling on reduction and prevention of congenital anomalies, and 18% did not know anything about it.
The importance of prepregnancy counseling has recently been mentioned in various sources. [11],[16] Knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of abnormal growth during antenatal, perinatal, and neonatal damages can rise. [28] Today, the emphasis on the prevention of risk factors (primary prevention) has highlighted the role of prepregnancy counseling. During before pregnancy counseling personal and family history about different disease can be found, and the expecting mother can be trained to avoid risk factors.
About 23.66% of the participants believed that unethical lifestyle is the cause of congenital anomalies. Integrity in our culture has a traditional root. Our people have always believed that unethical and illegal practices may ruin a person's life and can lead to congenital anomalies in newborns.
| Conclusions | | |
Accordance to this study, participant had low scores on specific knowledge, but they had high scores on their knowledge of the risk factors and the prevention of congenital anomalies. Considering that most of the women in our study had only high school education, it may be difficult for them to understand congenital anomalies. Many thought that this knowledge is specific to physicians and health-care personnels. Nevertheless, their overall knowledge about congenital anomalies was at a moderate level. Therefore, the need for programs to increase awareness with a simple definition of congenital anomalies among the public in general and pregnant women in particular is imperative. Genetic counseling before pregnancy, even before marriage, is recommended for all women of childbearing age, especially for families at risk it is important to increase their knowledge of the disorder. Another point, with regard to consanguinity as a relatively common cultural practice among our people, public education about the importance of genetic counseling can be helpful and cost effective. Preconception counseling is provided in our women's health centers, but it does not include genetic counseling. Genetic counseling can be added to the counseling program before and during pregnancy. However, there is a need to train health personnel before full implementation.
Because they are the future mothers, simple education and training program for high school girls to avoid risk factors and to practice preventions is recommended. Teaching public about behavioral risk factors can also be helpful.
| References | | |
| 1. | Dastgiri S, Kalankesh LR, Heidarzadehe M, Tajahmad A, Rezaian E. A new registry of congenital anomalies in Iran. J Registry Manag 2010;37:27-9.  |
| 2. | Dastgiri S, Imani S, Kalankesh L, Barzegar M, Heidarzadeh M. Congenital anomalies in Iran: A cross-sectional study on 1574 cases in the North-West of country. Child Care Health Dev 2007;33:257-61. |
| 3. | Samadirad B, Khamnian Z, Hosseini MB, Dastgiri S. Congenital anomalies and termination of pregnancy in Iran. J Pregnancy 2012;2012:574513. |
| 4. | Rasmussen SA, Erickson JD, Reef SE, Ross DS. Teratology: From science to birth defects prevention. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2009;85:82-92. |
| 5. | Mulholland C, Njoroge T, Mersereau P, Williams J. Comparison of guidelines available in the United States for diagnosis and management of diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2007;16:790-801. |
| 6. | Corrigan N, Brazil DP, McAuliffe F. Fetal cardiac effects of maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2009;85:523-30. |
| 7. | Bello AI, Acquah AA, Quartey JN, Hughton A. Knowledge of pregnant women about birth defects. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013;13:45. |
| 8. | Soleimani F, Teymouri R, Biglarian A. Predicting developmental disorder in infants using an artificial neural network. Acta Med Iran 2013;51:347-52. |
| 9. | |
| 10. | Abdi-Rad I, Khoshkalam M, Farrokh-Islamlou HR. The prevalence at birth of overt congenital anomalies in Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Arch Iran Med 2008;11:148-51. |
| 11. | |
| 12. | |
| 13. | |
| 14. | |
| 15. | Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: A systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17:589-604. |
| 16. | |
| 17. | |
| 18. | Dahl K, Hvidman L, Jørgensen FS, Henriques C, Olesen F, Kjaergaard H, et al. First-trimester Down syndrome screening: Pregnant women′s knowledge. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:145-51. |
| 19. | Al-Jader LN, Parry-Langdon N, Smith RJ. Survey of attitudes of pregnant women towards Down syndrome screening. Prenat Diagn 2000;20:23-9. |
| 20. | González-Andrade F, López-Pulles R. Congenital malformations in Ecuadorian children: Urgent need to create a National Registry of Birth Defects. Appl Clin Genet 2010;3:29-39. |
| 21. | |
| 22. | |
| 23. | Meaney FJ, Miller LA, FASSNet Team. A comparison of fetal alcohol syndrome surveillance network and birth defects surveillance methodology in determining prevalence rates of fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:819-22. |
| 24. | Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Watkins ML. Maternal smoking and birth defects: Validity of birth certificate data for effect estimation. Public Health Rep 2001;116:327-35. |
| 25. | |
| 26. | |
| 27. | De Vigan C, Vodovar V, Goujard J, Garel M, Vayssière C, Goffinet F. Mothers′ knowledge of screening for trisomy 21 in 1999: A survey in Paris maternity units. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;104:14-20. |
| 28. | Soleimani F, Narenji F, Pourmohsen M, Khaleghinejad KH, Mehran N. Cerebral palsy and patterns of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). a review. Iran Rehabil J 2014;12:59-64. |
| 29. | Ornoy A. Neuro teratogens in man: An overview with special emphasis on the teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 2006;22:214-26. |
| 30. | Tayebi N, Yazdani K, Naghshin N. The prevalence of congenital malformations and its correlation with consanguineous marriages. Oman Med J 2010;25:37-40. [ PUBMED] |
| 31. | Harlap S, Kleinhaus K, Perrin MC, Calderon-Margalit R, Paltiel O, Deutsch L, et al. Consanguinity and birth defects in the Jerusalem perinatal study cohort. Hum Hered 2008;66:180-9. |
| 32. | Zhang X, Li S, Wu S, Hao X, Guo S, Suzuki K, et al. Prevalence of birth defects and risk-factor analysis from a population-based survey in Inner Mongolia, China. BMC Pediatr 2012;12:125. |
| 33. | Akhavan Karbasi S, Golestan M, Fallah R, Mirnaseri FS, Barkhordari K, Bafghee MS. Prevalence of Congenital Malformations in Yazd (Iran). Acta Med Iran 2009;47:149-53. |
| 34. | Akrami SM. Consanguineous marriage; genetic counseling, culture and religious aspects. Iran J Pediatr 2006;16:359-65. |
| 35. | Morice A, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Avila-Agüero ML. Congenital rubella syndrome: Progress and future challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009;8:323-31. |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Pregnant mother's knowledge level and its determinant factors towards preventable risk factors of congenital anomalies among mothers attended health institutions for antenatal care, Ethiopia |
|
| Getu Engida wake, Girma Wogie Fitie, Seada Endris, Shiferaw Abeway, Gebremaryam Temesgen | | Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2022; : 100973 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Knowledge and utilisation of preconception care and associated factors among women in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis |
|
| Alemu Degu Ayele,Habtamu Gebrehana Belay,Bekalu Getnet Kassa,Mulugeta Dile Worke | | Reproductive Health. 2021; 18(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Knowledge and perceptions of preconception care among health workers and women of reproductive age in Mzuzu City, Malawi: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Mtondera Munthali, Isabel Kazanga Chiumia, Chrispin Mandiwa, Saul Mwale | | Reproductive Health. 2021; 18(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Parents’ perceived knowledge and beliefs on congenital malformations and their causes in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. A qualitative study |
|
| Molla Taye, Shah Md Atiqul Haq | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(11): e0257846 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Knowledge, uptake of preconception care and associated factors among reproductive age group women in West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2018 |
|
| Daniel Belema Fekene, Benyam Seifu Woldeyes, Maru Mossisa Erena, Getu Alemu Demisse | | BMC Women's Health. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Correlates of knowledge on birth defects and associated factors among antenatal mothers in Galle, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional analytical study |
|
| Janithra De Silva,Sujeewa Amarasena,Kapila Jayaratne,Bilesha Perera | | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2019; 19(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Association of consanguineous marriages with congenital anomalies |
|
| Maryam Naveed,Sajeeha Nadeem,Amber Hassan,Imrana Tanvir | | Pakistan BioMedical Journal. 2019; 2(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Women’s knowledge and associated factors in preconception care in adet, west gojjam, northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study |
|
| Yitayal Ayalew,Amlaku Mulat,Mulugeta Dile,Amare Simegn | | Reproductive Health. 2017; 14(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for